Emissions trading systems are essential for combating climate change and the energy transition because they create incentivesto limit and control emissions. However, there is also a perception that taxing pollutants is a more effective way to limitemissions than setting caps on pollution. This creates an ambiguity in which taxation predicts the cost of collective actionbut not the volume of emissions. Caps, on the other hand, make pollution quantifiable but not its cost. Emissions tradingsystems, which set a ceiling on pollutants but allow companies to set a price on the market by trading allowances withinthe cap, provide an alternative to this ambiguity. However, the issue of equitable allocation of allowances to developingcountries and the most vulnerable countries remains. The importance of allowances is directly related to political stability,as governments implement measures and instruments to regulate greenhouse gas trade, including incentives, financialincentives and accountability. In general, emission quotas are no less a political task than an economic one, since the fightagainst global warming is a global public good and does not fit into standard market mechanisms.The purpose of the study is to develop a model for distributing quotas for private mathematical calculations that takesinto account country variables and allows, based on the level of industrial development, calculation of quotas, as well as theenvironmental friendliness of production factors.The methodology is presented by mathematical modeling methods through the creation of an equilibrium model forcalculating the distribution of emission quotas.As a result of the study, the authors developed a multicomponent heterogeneous equilibrium model for calculatingthe distribution of greenhouse gas emission quotas, taking into account not only the volume of the country's gross domesticproduct (GDP) but also the volume of GDP per capita, which prevents excessive underquoting of developing countries, aswell as separately regulating the quota system for the poorest countries.

This article was submitted on 20.02.2024.