The granting of full membership to India and Pakistan transformed the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) into the world’s largest trans-regional structure and changed the trajectory of regional cooperation. However, following the expansion of its initial Central Asian focus to the wider Eurasian region, the identity of the SCO has undergone several changes. This article argues that the SCO is in fact experiencing an identity crisis. The historical perspective and environmental background of the SCO are examined, allowing the author to characterize the unique identity of the SCO and the possible scenarios to resolve the ongoing identity crisis.