@ARTICLE{26583242_222800048_2018, 
	author = {Simon Scott}, 
	keywords = {, OECDofficial development assistance},
	title = {The Accidental Birth of &ldquo;Official Development Assistance&rdquo;},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS RESEARCH JOURNAL},
	year = {2018},
	month = {август},
	volume = {13},
	number = {2},
	pages = {173-200},
	url = {https://iorj.hse.ru/en/2018-13-2/222800048.html},
	publisher = {},
	abstract = {Official development assistance (ODA) has been the standard measure of foreign aid for 45 years, but its creation was largely accidental, and followed no plan.&nbsp; Its origins lie with efforts by the OECD&rsquo;s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in the early 60s to soften and harmonise the terms of aid to developing countries.&nbsp; The DAC agreed a first Recommendation on aid terms in 1965, but its targets were complex and its quantities not adequately defined.&nbsp; An underlying difficulty was identifying which loans were soft enough to count as aid and thus be subject to the disciplines.&nbsp; Among metrics for valuing the concession embodied in loans, the "grant element" methodology proved the most fruitful, and it was used to refine the targets in a 1969 Supplement to the Recommendation.&nbsp; That Supplement introduced the idea of "official development assistance", but without defining it.&nbsp; It was not until the 1972 revision of the Terms Recommendation that ODA was fully defined.&nbsp; This included setting a minimum grant element for an ODA loan and a single target for the overall "softness" of aid programmes.&nbsp; Special terms targets were agreed for a new category of Least Developed Countries.&nbsp; Though not perfect, the 1972 decisions created an integrated and fully specified system for monitoring aid volume and softening aid terms.&nbsp; The process that produced this result turned on interactions between the OECD and the UN system that helped generate the required innovations in concepts and techniques.&nbsp;&nbsp;},
	annote = {Official development assistance (ODA) has been the standard measure of foreign aid for 45 years, but its creation was largely accidental, and followed no plan.&nbsp; Its origins lie with efforts by the OECD&rsquo;s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in the early 60s to soften and harmonise the terms of aid to developing countries.&nbsp; The DAC agreed a first Recommendation on aid terms in 1965, but its targets were complex and its quantities not adequately defined.&nbsp; An underlying difficulty was identifying which loans were soft enough to count as aid and thus be subject to the disciplines.&nbsp; Among metrics for valuing the concession embodied in loans, the "grant element" methodology proved the most fruitful, and it was used to refine the targets in a 1969 Supplement to the Recommendation.&nbsp; That Supplement introduced the idea of "official development assistance", but without defining it.&nbsp; It was not until the 1972 revision of the Terms Recommendation that ODA was fully defined.&nbsp; This included setting a minimum grant element for an ODA loan and a single target for the overall "softness" of aid programmes.&nbsp; Special terms targets were agreed for a new category of Least Developed Countries.&nbsp; Though not perfect, the 1972 decisions created an integrated and fully specified system for monitoring aid volume and softening aid terms.&nbsp; The process that produced this result turned on interactions between the OECD and the UN system that helped generate the required innovations in concepts and techniques.&nbsp;&nbsp;}
}