TY  - JOUR
TI  - Canada
T2  - INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS RESEARCH JOURNAL
IS  - INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS RESEARCH JOURNAL
KW  - Canada
KW  - inequality
KW  - Gini coefficient
KW  - income distribution
KW  - government policies on inequality
AB  - John J. Kirton-PhD in International Studies, Professor, Director of the G8 Research Group, Co-Director of the G20 Research Group of the University of Toronto, M5S 1A1, 100 St. George, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; E-mail: john.kirton@utoronto.ca Caroline Bracht- Researcher at the G20 Research Group of the University of Toronto, M5S 1A1, 100 St. George, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; E-mail: carolinebracht@gmail.comAbstractAlthough, Canada successfully tackles inequality and social mobility in the country is high, income distribution is unfair: growth in incomes of Canada’s richest 1% of people is increasing and growth in incomes of the poorest is falling over the last decades. Moreover, inequality in Canada is growing faster than in the USA and other OECD countries. Inequality within Canada is increasing among individuals, within individual regions of the country, and within cities. The authors noted that there is less inequality in Atlantic Provinces than in resource-rich provinces such as Alberta. Income inequality is also growing in the largest Canadian cities: Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal. The correlation between inequality and life expectancy was revealed. Income inequality is particularly acute among aboriginal (Indians) and non-aboriginal Canadians. Aboriginal Canadians have fewer opportunities for employment and they can not support their basic needs.The causes of inequality are disparities in payment for high-skilled and low-skilled workers, shifts in the labour market: increasing numbers of self-employed people, whose incomes are decreasing, changes in redistribution through taxes and benefits, particularly, decline in spending on social programmes.According to the authors inequality could be reduced through creating more and better jobs, investing in education, including life-long education, reforming tax and benefit policies, widening access to quality social services: health care, education, social care for the most vulnerable social groups.
AU  - John Kirton
AU  - C Bracht
UR  - https://iorj.hse.ru/en/2013-8-3/96416854.html
PY  - 2013
SP  - 162-168
VL  - 8